Section 1. Receive data

Channel Voice Messages

<Note off>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
kk = note number : 00H-7FH (0-127)
vv = note off velocity : 00H-7FH (0-127)

* The velocity values of Note Off messages are ignored.

<Note on>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
kk = note number : 00H-7FH (0-127)
vv = note on velocity : 01H-7FH (1-127)

<Control Change>

> Bank Select (Controller number 0, 32)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
mm, ll = Bank number : 00H, 00H-7FH, 7FH (bank.1-bank.16384), Initial Value = 00 00H (bank.1)

* When sending Bank Select messages, you have to send both the MSB (mmH) and LSB (llH) together.
* Bank Select processing will be suspended until a Program Change message is received.

> Modulation (Controller number 1)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Modulation depth : 00H-7FH (0-127)

> Portamento Time (Controller number 5)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Portamento Time : 00H-7FH (0-127), Initial value = 00H (0)

> Data Entry (Controller number 6, 38)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
mm, ll = the value of the parameter specified by RPN/NRPN

> Volume (Controller number 7)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Volume : 00H-7FH (0-127), Initial Value = 64H (100)

* Volume messages are used to adjust the volume balance of each Part.

> Pan (Controller number 10)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = pan : 00H-40H-7FH (Left-Center-Right), Initial Value = 40H (Center)

* Pan messages are used to adjust the pan setting of each part.
* For Rhythm Parts, this is a relative adjustment of each Instrument's pan setting.

> Expression (Controller number 11)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Expression : 00H-7FH (0-127), Initial Value = 7FH (127)

* It can be used independently from Volume messages. Expression messages are used for musical expression within a performance; e.g., expression pedal movements, crescendo and decrescendo.

> Hold 1 (Controller number 64)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Control value : 00H-7FH (0-127) 0-63 = OFF, 64-127 = ON

> Portamento (Controller number 65)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Control value : 00H-7FH (0-127) 0-63 = OFF, 64-127 = ON

> Sostenuto (Controller number 66)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Control value : 00H-7FH (0-127) 0-63 = OFF, 64-127 = ON

> Soft (Controller number 67)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Control value : 00H-7FH (0-127) 0-63 = OFF, 64-127 = ON

* This message is effective only when you use piano sounds.

> Filter Resonance (Timebre/Harmonic Intensity) (Controller number 71)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Resonance value (relative change): 00H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63), Initial Value = 40H (no change)

> Release Time (Controller number 72)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Release Time value (relative change): 00H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63), Initial Value = 40H (no change)

> Attack Time (Controller number 73)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Attack Time value (relative change): 00H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63), Initial Value = 40H (no change)

> Cutoff (Controller number 74)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Cutoff value (relative change): 00H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63), Initial Value = 40H (no change)

> Decay Time (Controller number 75)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Decay Time value (relative change): 00H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63), Initial Value = 40H (no change)

> Vibrato Rate (Controller number 76)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Vibrato Rate value (relative change): 00H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63), Initial Value = 40H (no change)

> Vibrato Depth (Controller number 77)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Vibrato Depth value (relative change): 00H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63), Initial Value = 40H (no change)

> Vibrato Delay (Controller number 78)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Vibrato Delay value (relative change): 00H-7FH (-64 - 0 - +63), Initial Value = 40H (no change)

> Effect 1 (Reverb Send Level) (Controller number 91)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Control value : 00H-7FH (0-127), Initial Value = 28H (40)

* This message adjusts the Reverb Send Level of each Part.

> Effect 3 (Chorus Send Level) (Controller number 93)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Control value : 00H-7FH (0-127), Initial Value = 00H (0)0)

* This message adjusts the Chorus Send Level of each Part.

> NRPN MSB/LSB (Controller number 98, 99)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
mm = upper byte of the parameter number specified by NRPN
ll = lower byte of the parameter number specified by NRPN

**NRPN**
The NRPN (Non Registered Parameter Number) message allows an extended range of control changes to be used.
To use these messages, you must first use NRPN MSB and NRPN LSB messages to specify the parameter to be controlled, and then use Data Entry messages to specify the value of the specified parameter. Once an NRPN parameter has been specified, all Data Entry messages received on that channel will modify the value of that parameter. To prevent accidents, it is recommended that you set RPN Null (RPN Number = 7FH/7FH) when you have finished setting the value of the desired parameter. Refer to Supplementary material "Examples of actual MIDI messages" <Example 4>. On the Hyper Canvas devices, Data entry LSB (llH) of NRPN is ignored, so it is no problem to send Data entry MSB (mmH) only (without Data entry LSB)

NRPN messages are used only for Hyper Canvas. Since the VST instruments cannot use exclusive messages, some of the functions defined by General MIDI 2 are assigned to NRPNs to be used with the Hyper Canvas.

On the Hyper Canvas, NRPN can be used to modify the following parameters.

* Parameters marked "relative change" will change relative to the preset value. Depending on the sound or the pitch range, this may have no effect.
* Parameters marked "absolute change" will be set to the absolute value of the parameter, regardless of the preset value.

> RPN MSB/LSB (Controller number 100, 101)

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
mm = upper byte of parameter number specified by RPN
ll = lower byte of parameter number specified by RPN

**RPN**
The RPN (Registered Parameter Number) messages are expanded control changes, and each function of an RPN is described by the MIDI Standard.
To use these messages, you must first use RPN MSB and RPN LSB messages to specify the parameter to be controlled, and then use Data Entry messages to specify the value of the specified parameter. Once an RPN parameter has been specified, all Data Entry messages received on that channel will modify the value of that parameter. To prevent accidents, it is recommended that you set RPN Null (RPN Number = 7FH/7FH) when you have finished setting the value of the desired parameter. Refer to Section "Examples of actual MIDI messages" <Example 4>

On the Hyper Canvas, RPN can be used to modify the following parameters.

<Program Change>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
pp = Program number : 00H-7FH (prog.1-prog.128)

<Channel Pressure>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
vv = Channel Pressure : 00H-7FH (0-127)

* The specifics of the effect are determined by means of universal exclusive messages. In the default state, no effect is obtained.

<Pitch Bend Change>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
mm, ll = Pitch Bend value : 00 00H - 40 00H - 7F 7FH (-8192 - 0 - +8191)

* The depth of pitch bend change is determined by the pitch bend sensitivity of the RPN.

Channel Mode Messages

<All Sounds Off (Controller number 120)>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)

* When this message is received, all currently-sounding notes on the corresponding channel will be turned off immediately.

<Reset All Controllers (Controller number 121)>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)

* When this message is received, the following controllers will be set to their reset values.

<All Notes Off (Controller number 123)>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)

* When All Notes Off is received, all notes on the corresponding channel will be turned off. However if Hold 1 or Sostenuto is ON, the sound will be continued until these are turned off.

<OMNI OFF (Controller number 124)>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)

* The same processing will be carried out as when All Notes Off is received.

<OMNI ON (Controller number 125)>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)

* OMNI ON is only recognized as "All notes off"; the Mode doesn't change (OMNI OFF remains).

<MONO (Controller number 126)>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)
mm = mono number : 00H-10H (0-16)

* The same processing will be carried out as when All Sounds Off and All Notes Off is received, and the corresponding channel will be set to Mode 4 (M = 1) regardless of the value of "mono number."

<POLY (Controller number 127)>

n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch.1-ch.16)

* The same processing will be carried out as when All Sounds Off and All Notes Off is received, and the corresponding channel will be set to Mode 3.

System Exclusive Message

F0H : System Exclusive Message status

ii = ID number : an ID number (manufacturer ID) to indicate the manufacturer whose Exclusive message this is. Roland's manufacturer ID is 41H.
ID numbers 7EH and 7FH are extensions of the MIDI standard; Universal Non-realtime Messages (7EH) and Universal Realtime Messages (7FH).

dd,...,ee = data : 00H-7FH (0-127)

F7H : EOX (End Of Exclusive)

The System Exclusive Messages received by the Hyper Canvas are; messages related to mode settings, Universal Realtime System Exclusive messages and Universal Non-realtime System Exclusive messages.

[Note] Reception of system exclusive messages is possible only for DXi.

<System exclusive messages related to mode settings>

> GM1 System On

This is a command message that resets the internal settings of the unit to the General MIDI System Level-1 initial state. After receiving this message Hyper Canvas, will automatically be set to the proper condition for correctly playing a General MIDI score.

* There must be an interval of at least 50 ms between this message and the next message.

> GM2 System On

This is a command message that resets the internal settings of the unit to the General MIDI System Level-2 initial state. After receiving this message Hyper Canvas, will automatically be set to the proper condition for correctly playing a General MIDI score.

* There must be an interval of at least 50 ms between this message and the next message.

> Scale/Octave Tuning Adjust

<Universal Realtime System Exclusive Messages>

> Master volume

* The lower byte (llH) of Master Volume will be handled as 00H.

> Master Fine Tuning

* mm, ll : 00 00H - 40 00H - 7F 7FH (-100 - 0 - +99.9 [cents])

> Master Coarse Tuning

* llH : ignored (processed as 00H)
* mmH : 28H - 40H - 58H (-24 - 0 - +24 [semitones]) 

> Reverb Parameters

> Chorus Parameters

> Channel Pressure

> Controller

> Key-Based Instrument Controllers

* This parameter affects drum instruments only.

Supplementary material

<Decimal and Hexadecimal table>

In MIDI documentation, data values and addresses/sizes of exclusive messages etc. are expressed as hexadecimal values for each 7 bits.
The following table shows how these correspond to decimal numbers.

* Decimal values such as MIDI channel, bank select, and program change are listed as one (1) greater than the values given in the above table.
* A 7-bit byte can express data in the range of 128 steps. For data where greater precision is required, we must use two or more bytes. For example, two hexadecimal numbers aa bbH expressing two 7-bit bytes would indicate a value of aa x 128 + bb.
* In the case of values which have a (+/-) sign, 00H = -64, 40H = +/-0, and 7FH = +63, so that the decimal expression would be 64 less than the value given in the above chart. In the case of two types, 00 00H = -8192, 40 00H = +/-0, and 7F 7FH = +8191. For example if aa bbH were expressed as decimal, this would be aa bbH - 40 00H = aa x 128 + bb - 64 x 128.
* Data marked "nibbled" is expressed in hexadecimal in 4-bit units. A value expressed as a 2-byte nibble 0a 0bH has the value of a x 16 + b.

<Example 1> What is the decimal expression of 5AH ?
From the preceding table, 5AH = 90

<Example 2> What is the decimal expression of the value 12 34H given as hexadecimal for each 7 bits?
From the preceding table, since 12H = 18 and 34H = 52
18 x 128 + 52 = 2356

<Example 3> What is the decimal expression of the nibbled value 0A 03 09 0D ?
From the preceding table, since 0AH = 10, 03H = 3, 09H = 9, 0DH = 13
((10 x 16 + 3) x 16 + 9) x 16 + 13 = 41885

<Example 4> What is the nibbled expression of the decimal value 1258?
16) 1258
16) 78 ... 10
16) 4 ... 14
0 ... 4
Since from the preceding table, 0 = 00H, 4 = 04H, 14 = 0EH, 10 = 0AH, the answer is 00 04 0E 0AH.

<Examples of actual MIDI messages>

<Example 1> 92 3E 5F
9n is the Note-on status, and n is the MIDI channel number. Since 2H = 2, 3EH = 62, and 5FH = 95, this is a Note-on message with MIDI CH = 3, note number 62 (note name is D4), and velocity 95.

<Example 2> CE 49
CnH is the Program Change status, and n is the MIDI channel number. Since EH = 14 and 49H = 73, this is a Program Change message with MIDI CH = 15, program number 74 (Flute).

<Example 3> EA 00 28
EnH is the Pitch Bend Change status, and n is the MIDI channel number. The 2nd byte (00H = 0) is the LSB and the 3rd byte (28H = 40) is the MSB, but Pitch Bend Value is a signed number in which 40 00H (= 64 x 128 + 0 = 8192) is 0, so this Pitch Bend Value is
28 00H - 40 00H = 40 x 128 + 0 - (64 x 128 + 0) = 5120 - 8192 = -3072

If the Pitch Bend Sensitivity is set to 2 semitones, -8192 (00 00H) will cause the pitch to change -200 cents, so in this case -200 x (-3072) / (-8192) = -75 cents of Pitch Bend is being applied to MIDI channel 11.

# <Example 4> B3 64 00 65 00 06 0C 26 00 64 7F 65 7F
BnH is the Control Change status, and n is the MIDI channel number. For Control Changes, the 2nd byte is the control number, and the 3rd byte is the value. In a case in which two or more messages consecutive messages have the same status, MIDI has a provision called "running status" which allows the status byte of the second and following messages to be omitted. Thus, the above messages have the following meaning.

In other words, the above messages specify a value of 0C 00H for RPN parameter number 00 00H on MIDI channel 4, and then set the RPN parameter number to 7F 7FH.

RPN parameter number 00 00H is Pitch Bend Sensitivity, and the MSB of the value indicates semitone units, so a value of 0CH = 12 sets the maximum pitch bend range to +/-12 semitones (1 octave). (The LSB of Pitch Bend Sensitivity is ignored, but the LSB should be transmitted anyway (with a value of 0) so that operation will be correct on any device.)

Once the parameter number has been specified for RPN or NRPN, all Data Entry messages transmitted on that same channel will be valid, so after the desired value has been transmitted, it is a good idea to set the parameter number to 7F 7FH to prevent accidents. This is the reason for the (B3) 64 7F (B3) 65 7F at the end.

It is not desirable for performance data (such as Standard MIDI File data) to contain many events with running status as given in <Example 4>. This is because if playback is halted during the song and then rewound or fast-forwarded, the sequencer may not be able to transmit the correct status, and the sound source will then misinterpret the data. Take care to give each event its own status.

It is also necessary that the RPN or NRPN parameter number setting and the value setting be done in the proper order. On some sequencers, events occurring in the same (or consecutive) clock may be transmitted in an order different than the order in which they were received. For this reason it is a good idea to slightly skew the time of each event (about 1 tick for TPQN = 96, and about 5 ticks for TPQN = 480).

* TPQN: Ticks Per Quarter Note

<About tuning>

In MIDI, individual Parts are tuned by sending RPN #1 (Master Fine Tuning) to the appropriate MIDI channel.
In MIDI, an entire device is tuned by either sending RPN #1 to all MIDI channels being used, or by sending a System Exclusive MASTER FINE TUNE.
RPN #1 allows tuning to be specified in steps of approximately 0.012 cents (to be precise, 100/8192 cent).
The values of RPN #1 and System Exclusive MASTER FINE TUNE are added together to determine the actual pitch sounded by each Part.

Frequently used tuning values are given in the following table for your reference. Values are in hexadecimal (decimal in parentheses).

<Example> Set the tuning of MIDI channel 3 to A4 = 442.0 Hz
Send RPN#1 to MIDI channel 3. From the above table, the value is 45 03H.